小流域农业面源污染阻力评价及"源-汇"风险空间格局

识别评价影响农业面源污染的"源-汇"风险格局,对小流域的农业面源污染防治规划有着重要的现实意义,为此,该文以三峡库区典型农业区王家沟小流域为研究区,借助最小累计阻力模型评价小流域农业面源污染阻力和识别"源-汇"风险。首先,通过土地利用解译数据确定"源"地的分级,在获取地形、距离、土地利用和氮磷等自然影响因子的基础上,构建氮和磷的阻力基面评价指标体系,并测算氮、磷和总阻力面,以此判定影响小流域农业面源污染的阻力空间分布趋势;同时借助阻力阈值,对阻力面进行等级划分,以此识别影响库区小流域农业面源污染的"源-汇"风险格局。结果表明:1)影响农业面源污染的不同阻力因子,其空间分布存在明显差异,由此奠定了阻力基面的空间异质性;阻力基面反映了影响三峡库区小流域农业面源污染的"源-汇"景观空间差异,表现为"源"景观类型的阻力基面小于"汇"景观类型;氮和磷的阻力面总体上围绕"源"地向外呈现不断增大的空间变化特征;2)划定了影响王家沟小流域农业面源污染的"源-汇"风险区:极高风险区(0.297 7 km~2)高风险区(0.154 4 km~2)中风险区(0.147 5 km~2)低风险区(0.147 4 km~2)极低风险区(0.016 0 km~2);影响整个小流域农业面源污染的"源-汇"风险偏高,但小流域内仍有一定范围的低风险区,能确保流域内的氮磷流失得到有效拦截。研究结果有助于从影响农业面源污染的"源-汇"景观和空间阻力角度识别评价"源-汇"风险格局,为科学防范和治理农业面源污染提供决策依据。     

Re‐introduction of structurally complex wood jams promotes channel and habitat recovery from overwidening: Implications for river conservation

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Spatial patterns of lacustrine fish assemblages in a catchment of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

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利用水系自动提取技术确定干旱区季节性干沟

为了研究极端干旱区季节性河流集水网的自动生成技术,采用ArcGIS平台提供的水文分析模型,在数字高程模型的基础上,进行戈壁集水区干沟的自动提取,讨论汇流累积阈值对提取干沟的影响,并与TM影像中的干沟进行叠加比较,检验自动提取沟谷的精度。结果表明：集水面积阈值越小,提取河网越致密,反之则提取河网稀疏。由于研究区地域辽阔,根据研究目标当集水面积阈值为4.5 km2时,提取沟谷已经较好地刻画了戈壁集水区干沟分布状况,所提取的沟谷在整个集水区上游山区以及支干主干沟道与实际沟谷吻合较好,可以满足应用需要。集水面积阈值与河源1级沟谷数相关曲线存在转折点,可以根据转折点时对应的集水面积阈值,初步确定沟谷提取的最佳阈值。     

Characteristics of Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides stemflow and their significance in soil moisture enhancement in Loess Plateau, China

Stemflow of xerophytic shrubs represents a significant component of water replenishment to the soil-root system and influences water utilization of plant roots at the stand scale,especially in water-scarce semi-arid ecosystems.The stemflow of two semi-arid shrubs(Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides)and its effect on soil moisture enhancement were evaluated during the growing season of 2011 in the semi-arid loess region of China.The results indicated that stemflow averaged 12.3%and 8.4%of the bulk precipitation for C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides,respectively.Individual stemflow increased in a linear function with increasing rainfall depth.The relationship between funneling ratios and rainfall suggested that there existed a rainfall depth threshold of 11 mm for both C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides.Averaged funneling ratios were 156.6±57.1 and49.5±30.8 for C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides,respectively,indicating that the canopy architecture of the two shrubs was an effective funnel to channel stemflow to the root area,and C.korshinskii showed a greater potential to use stemflow water in the semi-arid conditions.For individual rainfall events,the wetting front depths were approximately 2 times deeper in the rooting zone around the stems than in the bare area outside canopy for both C.korshinskii and H.rhamnoides.Correspondingly,soil water content was also significantly higher in the root area around the shrub stem than in the area outside the shrub canopy.This confirms that shrub stemflow conserved in the deep soil layers may be an available moisture source for plant growth under semi-arid conditions.     

滹沱河流域平原区人类活动强度的定量评价

人类活动强度的定量评价是分析人类活动对浅层地下水系统干扰的基础,也是有意识控制人类行为、涵养地下水的依据。文中以滹沱河流域平原区为研究区,针对人类活动对浅层地下水影响的特点,筛选人口、耕地面积、开采井数量、粮食产量、河道过水量和水渠引水量作为衡量人类活动强度的指标,采用指标加权和专家打分相结合的方法,对滹沱河流域平原区不同区位、不同年代的人类活动进行定量分析,得到如下结论:上游人类活动强度最大,为0.79,中游和下游地区较小,分别为0.38和0.45;在20世纪70、80、90年代和21世纪,研究区人类活动强度分别为0.35、0.46、0.67和0.71,也就是人类活动表现为不断发展、积累和增强的过程。     

基于DEM 的重庆长江流域水系分维估算

摘要：基于数字高程模型,本文利用ArcGIS9.3的水文分析模块,根据不同的集水面积阈值, 提取了重庆长江流域河网信息,通过网格法计算了相应的水系分维。根据集水面积阈值与水系分维的相互关系, 确定该流域水系分维值为1. 036,经计算得到的河网特征以及流域信息与实际河流水系特征及流域信息基本吻合。     

嘉陵江水土保持与区域可持续发展

嘉陵江流域人口密集,土地利用不合理,水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱。这不仅影响当地工农业的发展,而且其输沙量大还制约着长江三峡工程及下游的经济发展。分析了水土流失及其主要原因,并提出了保持区域可持续发展的对策和建议。     

Reducing runoff by managing crop location at the catchment level,considering agronomic constraints at farm level

Runoff and erosion cause frequent damage through muddy floods in the loess belt of Northern Europe. One possibility for reducing damage is to lower runoff on agricultural land by spatially alternating different crops at the catchment level. But crop location results from decisions taken at the farm level. This study aimed to assess the existing leeway to modify crop location in the farms of a catchment, in order to reduce runoff at the catchment's outlet. The case study was the Bourville catchment (1086 ha), cultivated by 28 farmers and located in Pays de Caux, France. First, crop location rules in the 14 main farms of the catchment were analysed on the basis of surveys carried out with farmers, distinguishing spatial constraints from temporal ones. These rules made it possible to simulate crop location on each farm territory for the 2001–2002 crop year. Each field of the catchment was classified depending on whether one or several crops could be sown, taking into account both field history and farmer decision rules. Then two extreme scenarios of crop location in the Bourville catchment were built. Runoff simulation at the outlet with the STREAM model showed that runoff could be reduced while sticking to current farmer decision rules in terms of crop location. Depending on rainfall event characteristics, runoff reduction varied between 13·5 per cent and 4·5 per cent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.